颅内出血是人们最担心的抗凝治疗并发症。这种担心是有依据的,因为抗凝相关颅内出血的病死率约为50%,许多幸存者都遗留永久性的神经功能缺陷,生活质量和能力下降。[1]有研究表明,伴有维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)相关颅内出血且国际标准化比率(INR)>3的患者较INR≤3的患者,有更糟糕的结局。[2]传统观点认为,颅内出血后及时逆转抗凝作用可降低患者的死亡率和发病率,[1]但这一假说尚未被证实。
在近期的The Lancet Neurology杂志上,Thorsten Steiner及其同事[3]报告了首个逆转颅内出血患者抗凝作用的随机对照试验结果(INCH试验)。INR至少为2的50例患者(平均年龄75.6岁,平均收缩压为171 mm Hg)在症状出现12个小时内接受20 mL/kg静脉内新鲜冷冻血浆(FFP)或30 IU/kg凝血酶原复合物(PCC)治疗,后者包括维生素K依赖性凝血因子II、VII、IX和X。所有患者也都注射10mg的维生素K。主要结局为启动治疗3小时内抗凝作用的逆转,定义为INR≤1.2。次要结局包括血肿扩张、死亡和功能结局。
FFP组(23例)中有2例(9%),PCC组(27例)中有8例(67%)患者的INR在治疗3小时内达到≤1.2(调整后的比值比[OR] 30.6, 95% CI 4*7-197*9; p=0.0003)。在这个时间点,FFP组患者较PCC组患者有更大的血肿扩张(相差16.9 mL, 95% CI 2-5-31*3; p=0-023),且血肿扩张的几率更高(OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.1-16.0; p=0.048),比基线时至少高33%。在90天时,FFP组有8例(35%)患者出现死亡,而PCC组有5例(19%)患者死亡(p=0.14)。
此前已有证据表明PCC较FFP治疗有更快速的VKA抗凝作用逆转,[4,5]但Steiner及其同事的研究结果[3]是快速逆转抗凝作用防止VKA相关颅内出血患者血肿扩张的首个随机试验。血肿扩张可对预后产生不利影响,[6,7]因此防止血肿扩张的治疗可能会改善患者结局。在90天时,应用PCC更快速的逆转INR似乎能降低死亡风险,但对血栓栓塞并发症可产生不利影响(FFP组有2例vs PCC组有7例)。遗憾的是,在尚不确定INR快速逆转能否转化为患者的净临床获益之前,由于担心其安全性,因此这项试验被终止。
尽管缺乏对患者重要结局的经久考验的影响,但INCH试验的结果[3]仍应该促使将PCC作为VKA相关颅内出血患者的标准治疗。无论如何,Steiner及其同事的研究结果也让人们清醒地认识到,对于这些患者,我们没有足够的治疗方法;PCC组的死亡率为19%,37%的患者在90天时功能独立。颅内出血发生数小时内会产生不可逆的损伤,因此,避免颅内出血较随后的治疗更为重要。[8]对于高血压患者而言,收缩压降低10 mm Hg就能使颅内出血风险减半,[9,10]与高质量的华法林治疗比较,使用非-VKA口服抗凝药也可使脑出血和硬膜下出血的风险减半。[11]在一定程度上,非VKA口服抗凝剂因缺乏特定的逆转剂而被推迟使用,虽然INCH试验表明,PCC较FFP可更有效的防止VKA相关颅内出血,但这并不能证明,VKA较非VKA口服抗凝剂是房颤患者(INCH队列占比74%)的更好选择。
非VKA口服抗凝剂特定逆转剂的批准迫在眉睫。Idarucizumab是一种人源化单克隆抗体片段,能够快速、完全且永久地逆转达比加群抗凝作用,[12]最近在美国、欧洲和新西兰被批准。[13]Andexanet alfa是凝血因子Xa的一个假目标,可快速完全逆转凝血因子Xa抑制剂利伐沙班和阿哌沙班的抗凝作用。[14]有关idarucizumab和andexanet alfa的登记研究并不包括对照组,因此不能确定快速逆转作用能否改善非VKA口服抗凝剂相关颅内出血患者的功能预后。然而,一旦这些逆转剂被广泛使用,则Steiner及其同事所呈现的快速逆转抗凝作用相关颅内出血获益的证据,建议在房颤患者的卒中预防过程中应该进一步增加非VKA口服抗凝剂(较VKA)的优先使用。
医脉通编译自:Rapid reversal of haematoma expansion associated with vitamin K antagonists. The Lancet Neurology.Volume 15, No. 6, p535–537, May 2016
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